Implementation of New Procurement Methods in India

Implementation of New Procurement Methods in India The construction industry in India is complex, challenging and unique. Selecting appropriate procurement method is a critical feature. In India even today traditional procurement methods are used. The options of adapting new procurement methods are open but there are various challenges in implementing them. This study will identify the barriers and difficulties which restrict the implementation of new procurement methods in India. The literature review investigated characteristics of new procurement methods. It highlighted the nature and types of projects in India. It emphasizes on structures and trends in the Indian construction Industry. It gives an insight on procurement methods used in developed economies. The chapter on characterization focuses on issues specific to Indian construction Industry such as demographics, socio-economic concerns, economical advantages, rapid growth of the industry etc. It highlights the typical procurement methods used for different types of projects in India and the regulations and administration within the construction Industry. This study gives us the nature and character of the Indian Construction Industry. Further, the study analyzes various issues, and draws attention to challenges in implementing new procurement methods. In the light of the characterization, issues and challenges this study identifies and concludes with the barriers and difficulties which restrict the implementation of new procurement methods. The worldwide construction industry includes projects of dramatically different types, size and complexity and requires extensive professional and trade skills (Groak, 1994). A construction project can refer to any building activity that includes building, repair, erection, demolition, maintenance, land clearing, earth moving, excavating, trenching, digging, boring, drilling, blasting, concreting, installation etc. (Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act, 1996). All these activities involve a considerable number of goods and services as well as large number of transactions to support a project. Most significantly, goods and services should be procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs in terms of quality, quantity, time and location (Weeley, 2010). However, construction industry is a significant contributor to a nations economy. Internationally, construction industry accounts for approximately 8-10 percent of gross domestic product GDP. Currently, in India construction industry accounts 8 percent of GDP. Furthermore, main construction sectors in India are Infrastructure, housing and commercial developments. In India by 2014 the second phase of infrastructure development will be started. This will provide additional boost to the construction industry. Owing to numerous projects the significance of procurement will be very important. Considerably, a well procured construction project is completed in time with desirable quality and within estimated cost. Internationally, plentiful construction procurement methods are practiced. Worldwide effectively used, key procurement methods are Design and Build, Management Contracting, Construction Management, Build Operate Transfer, Public Private Partnerships, Strategic Partnership, Joint ventures etc. Generally, in developed economies procurement methods such as Design and Build, Construction Management and Management Contracting are widely used, due to the maturity of the industry. However, in India mainly traditional construction procurement methods are practiced. Construction industry consists of large number of scattered small firms. The professionals prefer to operate within their silos. As a result, they remain in their comfort zone of using traditional methods. Nowadays trends are changing particularly in infrastructure and large scale projects management. This is due to the increased number, size of projects and capital invested in the projects. Mainly the upcoming procurement methods are Build Operate and Transfer and Public Private Partnerships. However, these are restricted to only a few projects. Still a large number of projects are carried out in a traditional manner. Major obstacle to implement new procurement methods are large population (1.2 billion approximately) large inclusive demand, large demand spread across the country, many small projects, traditional outlook of construction professionals, segregated industry, numerous small firms, enormous unskilled work force. Other barriers include considerable number of regional languages, excess availability of skilled professionals in one part of the country and scarcity in the other parts, no standard terms of contracts, different legislation in different states, local suppliers, mon opoly of manufactures in a region etc. As a consequence it is increasingly important to explore the reasons why new procurement methods cannot be implemented in India. Some key interdependent and inter-linked issues to be investigated are economic issues, management issues, technical issues, legal issues and cultural issues. Research outcomes will be inferred by careful observation of challenges and study of difficulties for implementation of new procurement methods. 1.2 Research Aim The aim of the research is to identify the barriers and difficulties that restrict the implementation of new procurement methods in India. 1.3 Research Objectives The research objectives will include the following 1) To investigate the issues, namely economic issues, management issues, legal issues and cultural issues which act as barriers for the implementation of new procurement methods in India. 2) To investigate procurement methods such as Design and Build, Management Contracting and Construction Management and relate it to the traditional Indian procurement method, to understand the challenges of the implementation of new procurement methods in India. 3) Identifying the barriers which act as hindrances for implementation of new procurement methods in the Indian construction industry. 1.4 Scope of Study This study of identification of barriers and difficulties that restrict the implementation of new procurement methods is confined to the Indian construction industry. The data is collected from secondary sources. The main sources were U.N views on India, U.K Trade and Investment and other secondary data. It outlines various difficulties and barriers which are already present in the Indian construction industry which in turn affects the implementation of new procurement methods. This study restricts itself in identifying difficulties and barriers from the nature and character of the Indian Construction Industry. As moving into detail of all issues was not possible, it explores largely economic issues, management issues, legal issues and cultural issues and finds the barriers which prevent the implementation of new procurement methods. This study will also mainly look into procurement methods such as Design and Build, Management Contracting and Construction Management and compare it with the traditional Indian procurement method to find the challenges in implementation of new procurement methods. 1.5 Structure of Dissertation Chapter 1) This chapter gives an introduction to the topic and gives the idea about how the study will be carried out. It gives an idea of a fast developing Indian construction Industry and the need to adapt new procurement methods. It states the research aim, objectives and scope of study and also discusses the structure of the dissertation Chapter 2) This chapter reviews the literature associated with the study. It looks into new procurement methods, projects in India, Indian construction industry and important factors affecting the construction industry in India. Chapter 3) This chapter describes the research methodology adapted within the scope of the dissertation. Secondary data, semi-structured interviews with the experts and academicians were employed to address the objectives. Chapter 4) This chapter characterizes India. It describes the nature and the character of the Indian construction industry. It gives an insight into the Indian construction Industry and its approaches. Chapter 5) This chapter looks at the barriers and the difficulties that restrict implementation of new procurement methods in India. It identifies various issues and challenges in implementation of new procurement methods in India. It looks at the present construction Industry in India and its characterization and identifies the barriers and difficulties that restrict implementation of new procurement methods in India. Chapter 6) This chapter presents the conclusions and direction for further research in this area. CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Procurement Methods Introduction Around the world procurement methods are developed through the years as per needs. The selection of the most appropriate procurement method is critical for both the client and other project participants as it is an important factor that contributes to the overall clients satisfaction and project success. This selection will be dependent upon a number of factors such as cost, time and quality which are widely considered as being the most fundamental criteria for clients seeking to achieve their end product at the highest quality, at the lowest cost and in the shortest time (Hackett et al. 2007). The type of procurement method adopted mainly depends upon the type of project, type of ownership, nature of construction industry in that particular country and the maturity of the industry. The selection of the procurement path is much more than simply establishing a contractual relationship (Newcombe, 1992), inspite of the continuing search for maximum value for money. In the developed economies such as USA, UK, Australia, Sweden etc. procurement methods such as Design and Build, Management Contracting and Construction Management are used from a long time. This is because the construction industry is developed, the projects are needed to be delivered efficiently and the clients demand the delivery of projects within budget and in least possible time. In this dissertation the study is limited to procurement methods such as Design and Build, Management Contracting and Construction Management. 2.1 Design and Build Design-build is a method to deliver a project in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity known as the design-builder or design-build contractor. Design-build relies on a single point of responsibility contract and is used to minimize risks for the project owner and to reduce the delivery schedule by overlapping the design phase and construction phase of a project. Design and Build with its single point responsibility carries the clearest contractual remedies for the clients because the DB contractor will be responsible for all of the work on the project, regardless of the nature of the fault (John Murdoch and Will Hughes 2007). The Design-Build Institute of America (DBIA) takes the position that design-build can be led by a contractor, a designer, a developer or a joint venture, as long as a the design-build entity holds a single contract for both design and construction. The main contractor takes responsibility for both design and construction and will use either in-house designers or employ consultants to carry out the design. Most of the construction work will be carried out by specialist or sub-contractors. The contractor tenders against a client brief and will often follow an initial concept design prepared by consultants appointed to advise the client. The design will be developed by the contractor and the works will be completed, usually for a fixed price. Tendering is more expensive so it carries more risk for the contractor than the traditional approach. This is because the contractor has to develop an outline design and a detailed price. Tender lists will probably be shorter than for traditional contracts. However, the client commits to the cost of construction, as well as the cost of design, much earlier than with the traditional approach. Changes made by the client during design can be expensive, because they affect the whole of the Design-Build contract, rather than just the design team costs. This strategy is a low-risk option for clients who wish to minimize their exposure to the risks of overspend delays or design failure. However, the exposure to risk will increase where the design phase is rushed, where unreasonable time targets are set or where the tender documents are not fully completed. 2.1.1 Characteristics of Design and Build It provides single point of responsibility so that in event of a failure the contractor is solely responsible. There is no ambiguity between the designer and the contractor. The clients interests are safeguarded in this respect. When the client adopts Design and Build method he knows his total financial commitment early in a project. The client has direct contact with the contractor. This improves the lines of communication and enables the contractor to respond and adapt to the clients needs more promptly. In Design and Build contractor is responsible for design, planning and control. This gives him a better control over the activities and can concurrently carry out the activities which are not generally possible using traditional procurement methods. The contractor can purchase, obtain planning permission and arrange his finance simultaneously which helps him to give a better deal to the client. He can also benefit himself and the client by making use of proprietary modular designs which reduces design time and time required for approval. The contractor can start the work as soon as the approvals are obtained and sufficient information regarding the site operations is available. The design does not need to be finalized before some, at least, of the work may be commenced. The Design and Build proposals ensure economical tenders and alternate design concepts which can benefit the client. The nature of Design and Build procurement system promotes the creation of integrated design and construction team. In some countries using Design and Build system relaxes the architects code of practice, which encourages them to become full partners in design and build firms. The closer involvement of architects leads to more aesthetically pleasing buildings and leads to designs which have a greater appreciation. By using Design and Build method time and cost savings are achieved, which benefits the client. The total project completion period is also reduced. Design and Build reduces the employers financing charges, inflation has less effect and the building is operational sooner which commercially produces an early return on the capital invested. The Design and Build method facilitates novation of design with the consultants to the contractor which provides advantages to the client. The advantage of Design and Build is that the contractor has some control over the design and is able to introduce components, materials and systems which are beneficial and which he knows are more economical to construct. 2.1.2 Critique of Design and Build Design and Build is not suitable for complex projects. The traditional method of construction procurement dissociates the designers from the contractors interests, design-build does not. The contractor decides on the design issues as well as issues related to cost, profits and time exigencies, which may be the matter of concern in some situations. The client is required to commit to a concept design at an early stage and often before the detailed designs is completed. There is no design overview unless separate consultants are appointed. And there is no one appointed from clients side to manage the works or act as clients agent. If client changes the scope of the project, this can be expensive. Design-build does not make use of competitive bidding where prospective builders bid on the same design. In Design and Build the criteria to select contractor is subjective and difficult to evaluate and to justify later. 2.2 Management Contracting In management contracting the client appoints the designers and a management contractor separately and pays the contractor a fee for managing the construction works. Payment to the management contractor is done on the basis of cost of the works packages plus agreed fees. The main benefits of management contracting are the time required for design and construction is shorter. There is an early involvement of managing contractor during design phase, in which his expertise can be used. The management contractor has the responsibility to manage the project. The sub-contractors are appointed by the management contractor, thus reducing the day to day administrative responsibilities of the client. The management contractor has major role in directing the project. The lines of communications are improved. As there is a direct relation between the management contractor and the client changes and variations can be done in a project. The main advantage is that the project is completed in time as the management contractor manages the works. Because of this the client gets possession quickly and the return on investment starts. The client normally appoints the management contractor to take an active role in the project at an early stage and the client can benefit from the contractors expertise. The overall design is the responsibility of the clients consultants, but the management contractor is normally responsible for defining packages of work and then for managing the carrying out of those work packages through separate trades or works contracts. The management contractor can sometimes not be employed to undertake the work but is employed to manage the process. All the work is subcontracted to works contractors who are directly employed by the management contractor. The client usually needs to be given the opportunity to approve the terms and conditions of the trades or works contracts before the packages are subcontracted. The management contract will usually include both a pre-construction phase and the construction phase. The management contractor is responsible for the administration and operation of the works contractors. However, the management contractor is not liable for the consequences of any default by a works contractor so long as the management contractor has complied with the particular requirements of the management contract. 2.2.1 Characteristics of Management Contracting Clients and contractors adapt this system once they gain experience, which suggests that it has merits. It is generally recognized that its adoption requires mutual trust. The management contractor is appointed much earlier. He is able to become a member of design team and contribute his expertise and mainly his management expertise. Management Contracting is an effective method for the client retaining control of the design whilst drawing on the experience of a construction specialist as part of the Professional Team. The Management Contractor is paid a fee for its services as well as enters into contract with the client for work packages, generally separate works contractors are appointed to carry out work packages under the management contractor. This type of arrangement tends to be used on complex projects where early input from a construction specialist is required. Decisions regarding appointment of subcontractors are made jointly by designers and management contractor thus making use of wider experience. Specialists contractors and subcontractors compete at second stage ensuring economical tenders which benefits the client. Lines of communication are shorter between management contractor and client than with the traditional procurement method. The client has direct control over the management contractor, who is the main contractor, so that the project is completed in a better way and in shorter time. The total project completion period is reduced by parallel working. A reduced project completion period produces a corresponding reduction in financing charges and interim payments to the contractors. Inflation has less effect. The client takes the delivery of the building more quickly and obtains returns on his investment more quickly. The main functions of the management contractor may include acting as principal contractor, cost planning and cost control, consenting for works contracts, coordinating and managing works contracts, coordinating commissioning, collating pre construction information and construction phase plan, monitoring key performances and managing the site. 2.2.2 Critique of Management Contracting The client is usually given an approximate estimate of the final project cost by the management contractor early in the project life but the client does not know the final project cost until the last sub contract is entered into. On other projects he is given a guaranteed maximum cost. The architect may have less time to develop the design because he is under greater pressure from the client and contractor. The design may suffer as a result. The client should provide a good design brief as the design will not be completed until the client has committed significant resources to the project. The strategy relies on quality committed team or it may just become a mere reporting system in some cases. Management contracting is not suitable for inexperienced clients. It is less suitable for clients wanting to pass the complete risk to the contractors. Specialist contractors frequently prefer to be in contract with client rather than the management contractor appointed by the client because interim payments are usually made promptly when paid directly. 2.3 Construction Management In construction management the client appoints a construction manager for a fee to manage, programme and coordinate the design and construction activities. The client does not allocate risk and responsibility to a single main contractor. Construction work is carried out by trade contractors through direct contracts with the client for various packages. The client takes the risk. The construction manager supervises the construction process and coordinates the design team. The construction manager has no contractual links with the design team and contractors. He only provides professional expertise without assuming financial risks. On appointment the construction manager takes over any preliminary scheduling and costing information and draw up detail programme accordingly. In this method the client should have administrative or project management staff with the ability to assess the recommendation of construction manager and take actions. Adapting construction management reduces the time required for the project. This occurs because the contract strategy, construction and design can overlap. A construction manager should have a good track record in cost forecasting and cost management, as the time can be reduced but the price certainty is not achieved unless the design and construction have advanced to the extent that all the work packages have been let. This method puts so much emphasis on the role of client, if the client is experienced, with the help of construction manager he can control the project effectively. The clients continue to use construction management to their advantage, for example, the cultivation of direct, long-term relationships with trade contractors helps to secure many of the benefits more often associated with partnering. Furthermore, by employing a construction manager who is able to focus on the interests of the project, rather than on its own risk management, the client can be confident that its project objectives will be shared by the rest of the team. Construction management is distinguished by the influence of the clients and construction managers management and leadership skills on the success of the project. By adapting construction management method the client can have greater influence over the project and can have more flexibility over the contractor selection and so on. 2.3.1 Characteristics of Construction Management Construction management offers relative time saving potential for overall project duration due to overlapping of various activities. The roles, risks and relationships are clear for all the participants during most of the situations. In some situations changes in design can be accommodated later than some other strategies, without paying a premium. In construction management method the client has direct contracts with the contractors and pays them directly. This helps the contractors as they are paid promptly and there is evidence that this results in lower prices because of improved cash flow certainty. The client has direct involvement in the project as compared to most of the traditional methods. As the client is directly involved he is enabled to make prompt decisions which can be implemented without delay. This also makes possible a prompt response by the client to unforeseen site problems and also makes possible a prompt response by the contractor to changes required by the client. In this type the construction manager acts as an agent of the contractor. This benefits the contractor in managing the works. This also excludes the client for keeping his own staff for overlooking the issues which are looked by the construction manager. The central role of the construction manager is managing the project and providing administrative support to the employer. In this there is no single point of responsibility related to the delivery of the project. 2.3.2 Critique of Construction Management In construction management price certainty is not achieved until the last works packages have been let. Budgeting primarily depends heavily on design team estimates. The client should be pro-active and must provide a quality design brief to the design team in order to complete the design. The strategy relies upon the client selecting a good quality and committed team. In construction management the client has to manage and administer many contracts as there is no single contractor, all the works contracts are directly between the works contractors and the client. The client has to manage coordinate with the design team appropriately or else there increased likelihood of design change. There is a high degree of client ownership of risks associated with design including impacts of late or incomplete and uncoordinated design. In construction management the client has exposure to performance risk and exposure to consequential loss associated with trade contractor default. In construction management method there is increased administration role for the client. Construction manager owes duty of care liability only. The client is at the center of management and requires decision making capabilities. The client has to rely on management capability of construction manager. 2.4 Indian Construction Industry and Economy Indian economy has been growing from last two decades at an unprecedented rate. This is mainly because of industrialization and service sector growth. The main reason for Indias growth is its huge internal demand. In recent years particularly after the global recession in 2008 the Indian economy has shown signs of slowing down. In 2011-12 due to the current global economic scenario India found itself in the heart of managing growth and stabilizing prices. The Indian economy is grown by 6.9 per cent in 2011-12, after having grown at the rate of 8.4 per cent in each of the two preceding years. This indicates a slowdown compared not just to the previous two years but 2003 to 2011 (except 2008-09). At the same time, sight must not be lost of the fact that, by any cross country comparison, India remains among the front-runners. The Gross Domestic Product (nominal) of India is $ 1.848 trillion (Indiabudget, 2011). The Gross Domestic Product (Purchasing power parity) of India is $ 4.457 trillion (Indiabudget, 2011). The annual expenditure budget of India is Rs.1490925.29 Crores (Indiabudget, 2011). Over the years, more than half of the expenditure budget is spent on civil engineering, construction and related activities. The construction industry sets in motion the process of economical growth in the country, investment in this sector contributes 6.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. The construction industry in India is large and scattered. Today in India there is a massive demand in housing and infrastructure. The construction industry is the second largest industry of the country after agriculture. It makes a significant contribution to the national economy and provides employment to large number of people. The use of various new technologies and deployment of project management strategies have started to gain importance. In its path of advancement, the industry has to overcome a number of challenges. However, the industry is still faced with some major challenges, including housing, disaster resistant construction, water management and mass transportation. Recent experiences of several new mega-projects and large demand are clear indicators that the industry is poised for a bright future. It is the second homecoming of the construction profession to the forefront amongst all professions in the country. Every Re.1 investment in the construction industry causes an Rs.0.80 increment in GDP as against Rs.0.20 and Rs.0.14 in the fields of agriculture and manufacturing industry, respectively. Statistics over the period have shown that compared to other sectors, this sector of economic activity generally creates 4.7 times increase in incomes and 7.76 times increase in employment generation potentiality (Economicsurvey, 2011). Despite of the challenges in the construction industry there will be a continuous rise of the construction sector in the country, with over 4 Crore persons employed in it. 2.5 Projects in India The construction industry in India is large and diverse. In India majority of the projects are procured locally and are small in size. In recent years there is a demand for large projects such as large housing schemes, rural and urban and infrastructure projects but still there are large numbers of small projects. The projects include residential complexes, shopping centers, industrial development projects, urban roads, rural roads, water supply systems, sewerage systems and infrastructure projects such as highways, power stations, rapid mass transport systems, airports up gradation and new and ports. These projects are not concentrated in one part of the country, they are spread over the length and the breadth of the country. Except some few high profile and prestigious projects majority of the projects are due to local needs and demands. In India the metropolitan cities are experiencing a rapid growth of 25-30% in residential construction activity every year and the other non-major cities are experiencing 15-25%. The top 15 cities in India account for 18% of the total construction activity in India with Mumbai and Bangalore leading the pack. In India cities are classified as Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV cities. Tier I cities consist of Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai. Tier II cities consist of comparatively smaller cities as Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Kanpur, Pune, Surat etc. Tier III cities consists of even smaller cities and large towns such as Indore, Cochin, Jamshedpur etc. Tier IV consist of smaller towns. Approximately there are 35 cities in India with a po

The Story of an Hour Analysis

On â€Å"The Story of an Hour† â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† a short story by Kate Chopin, details the events of the short hour when Mrs. Mallard finds out her husband has died, only to see him walking through the door. Chopin makes it clear through the structure of the story that the irony of these events is no coincidence; there is conflict when people are oppressed and their soul has no joy or freedom. It is clear in the exposition that Mrs. Mallard is afflicted with heart trouble, implying she is weak, both physically and emotionally. Her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend, Richard, know how fragile she is so, â€Å"great care was taken† to break the news of Mr. Mallard’s death. Following the news of her husband’s death, Mrs. Mallard, â€Å"wept at once†¦in her sister’s arms,† showing her dependence on others. As the immediate feeling of grief spent itself, she went up to her room to be alone with her thoughts. Although she is at first weak, someone who is completely emotionally unstable would not be so willing to go be alone in her room to grief. There is obviously some want to be self dependent and free. The story’s rising action builds through a series of scenery descriptions. After Mrs. Mallard has gone up to her room, she faces an open window. The blue sky â€Å"showing here and there† and â€Å"countless sparrows† twittering outside were mentioned, symbolizing happiness and peace. Mrs. Mallard is then described by the narrator as a woman with â€Å"a dull stare in her eyes,† as she fixed her gaze on the blue sky, as if finally realizing that they were there. The details of the rising actions transition into the climax, where Mrs. Mallard feels an emotion â€Å"approaching to possess her. † After the realization that â€Å"there would be no one to live for† for the rest of her life Mrs. Mallard continues to whisper under her breath, â€Å"Free! Body and soul free! † This moment is filled with joy; however a turn of events could be predicted to come soon as she prayed â€Å"that life might be long. † At the falling action of the story, Mrs. Mallard leaves the room with the open window with a â€Å"feverish triumph in her eyes. † She is unquestionably a confident and new woman as she walks down the stairs with her sister. The story concludes with the denouement in which Brently Mallard enters the front door, unharmed. The shock of his homecoming is extremely evident through Josephine’s â€Å"piercing cry† and Richard quickly trying to block him from the view of his wife. Mrs. Mallard apparently has a heart attack and dies â€Å"of the joy that kills. † By the time Mrs. Mallard realizes that because her husband has died she will now be able to experience the joy of freedom, â€Å"the face of this possession† has unexpectedly walked in through the door. Although most would expect the weak Mrs. Mallard to die when hearing the news of her husband’s death, it is seeing him alive and realizing that she will continue to be his possession that causes her heart and her soul to die.

The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control

The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control Explained The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Therefore you should submit your essay to an expert essay proofreader to examine your work and make necessary adjustments. A dissertation is designed to rate your skill, intelligence and stamina. Another distinct characteristic of a research paper is the fact that it wants a presentable collection of referenced sources. Where to Find Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control Possessing the capability to offer compelling and persuasive speeches looks like a pure present. Tell your audience just what to do. There are rather specific laws concerning what kind, sex, and the number of animals one may hunt in some specific areas. There exist a number of different choices for beginning a prosperous persuasive speech. Here's What I Know About Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control Nobody could land or take off from that point. There's hardly a topic more controversial topic than gun control so that you won't need to be concerned about that. Weapons are only recovered from gun crimes in a little fraction of cases, and even then it's often hard to ascertain the method by which the man or woman who committed the crime got their gun they might have passed a background check with somebody else's driver's license, for example. Including the financial side of the matter. Lies You've Been Told About Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control Be aware your initial research paper topic doesn't need to be finite. If you're going to compose a research paper for the very first time then you ought to be familiarized with the format to be followed in research paper writing. Research paper is the in depth research based document about a particular topic. If you wish to compose a fantastic research paper then you have to stick to the subsequent pattern when writing y our research paper. Below, you will find whatever you will need to write an outstanding paper in no time weighty arguments, catchy titles, and the newest sources on the subject. Once you are finished with literature review of your topic then you have to begin an introduction of your study. This write-up supplies you with the essential points you will need while writing your research paper. After results you are able to add a discussion page. For instance, you can expose the present gun control regulations in your state or the present state of the discussion. Americans make safety-based decisions all of the time. In order to acquire a gun license, people must go through a background check and wait as much as a month to legally carry a weapon. One of the main explanations for why gun control is necessary is the boost in shooting situations, especially in schools. For many individuals, hunting is a pastime, and a gun is utilized in hunting the wild animals. Currently it is quite simple to acquire a gun. Having a handgun permits people to protect themselves from potential crime. It is problematic for a person to guard himself, without a weapon. Additionally, a number of the opponents of gun control state that hunting is a vital activity in their life and they require guns to hunt. Banning all guns in the usa would be irrational as it wouldn't lower crime or protect against firearm-related murders. The Chicago area is among the most troublesome places to legally acquire a gun. Criminals can easily get a gun during the black sector. Controlling handguns, for example, limits the variety of new gun proprietors thus limiting the chance of more crime being committed. Whether or not there's a law restricting gun usage, criminal will always discover a means to find a gun because criminals are not as likely to obey laws. For most rural America, guns are part of day-to-day life. I. Guns are among the main causes of violence in the USA today. Moreover, among the 36 wealthiest, america has the maximum proportion of suicides from guns. The usa is among the simplest countries to buy firearms. The Awful Secret of Persuasive Essay Topics about Gun Control This gun control essay had a mixture of gun crime statistics and a number of the arguments advanced by either side. To compose a high-quality argumentative paper, you need to develop a great thesis and clear, logical arguments that will be challenging to dispute. When it has to do with the structure of the hu man body paragraphs, experts recommend that every paragraph has its own concept, and ought to link to the next paragraph by usage of transitional sentences. My essay is separated into three primary components, the introduction, the human body and the conclusion.

Virtual Frog Dissection Quiz

female frog START THE FROG DISSECTION QUIZ Frog Anatomy Anatomical Terms and Body Planes Interactive Frog DissectionNet Frog Online Dissections

Effective Leadership Skills During An Ethical Dilemma

Effective Leadership Skills during an Ethical Dilemma The purpose of this paper is to introduce ethical frameworks that can help solve an ethical dilemma. I will give an example of ethical issues encountered in a jail setting and an ethical dilemma that I experienced as a result of these ethical issues. I will analyze the moral, ethical, and legal implications that I used in this ethical dilemma. Furthermore, I will explain my leadership role as a patient advocate during this particular moral issue. Lastly, I will describe my leadership styles that were identified by my self-assessment and how this facilitates my ethical dilemma. Introduction The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics states, â€Å"The nurse promote, advocates for,†¦show more content†¦I am not sure if this has to do with losing some of your rights as an inmate or if it is different in other jails. Lastly, other ethical issues in a jail setting involve witnessing the use of force in against patients that are severely agitated and uncooperative which end up in a mechanical restraint such as a restraint chair. The ethical dilemma I encountered in my work environment involves correctional officers using force and restraint chairs against mental health patients. Officers are allowed to restraint anyone who can be a danger to themselves or any person in the facility. Ethical Dilemma Maschi, Marmo, and Han (2014) stated, â€Å"According to the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948), every human being is entitled to be treated with dignity and respect, which includes individuals not being subjected to torture and cruel and unusual punishment† (p. 173). Also, studies have shown that patients who were placed in a mechanical restraint experience depression, insomnia, delusion, panic, demoralization, and intense anger (Bersot Arrigo, 2011). 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Company Background of Broadway Circuit Free Essays

Broadway Cinema was first established in the 1950s and was rebuilt in the existing location, Sai Yeung Choi St. , Mongkok, in 1987. Thereafter, Broadway Circuit has gradually developed to nowadays the largest cinema circuit in Hong Kong. We will write a custom essay sample on Company Background of Broadway Circuit or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being operated by Edko Films Ltd, the circuit consists of 11cinemas across the territory, covering all the major locations in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories. By the 53 screens we offer, their customers are able to choose from a wide range of movies upon their tastes and interests. Since 1999, Broadway Circuit has launched www. cinema. com. hk, which provides updated movie information and a platform for movie discussion. Inquiry hotline and email address were also set up to enhance customer communication for improving our service. Internet ticketing and phone ticketing services were launched from 2000 onwards. Moviegoers can select their favorable seat anytime at their convenience. dsfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffsm,nds,m fnds,mfnsdm,fnm,sdn fm,dnsmgnbs n mgb mn sfdbgm nfb sgnmbfdmnfbdgmnbs fdm, ngbfdmn b smn,bg mn fd bsg mnf s dbg mnds Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago. [44][45][46] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Palaeolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue. [47][48] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China. [49] In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue. 50][51][52] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed. [53] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Che ng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty. [54] During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center. In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region. [55] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty. [56] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Huaizong of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen. How to cite Company Background of Broadway Circuit, Papers

Alcohol Abuse Cases in Aboriginal Communities- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAlcohol Abuse Cases in Aboriginal Communities. Answer: Introduction The problem of alcohol abuse is chronic among Indigenous communities living in Australia especially Torres State Islander communities. The moderate use of alcohol is within 30 g ethanol/d in case of men and 15 g/d in the case of women and these can be considered to be acceptable without having negative health and social effects ( Poli et al, 2013) . However excessive intake of alcohol causes significant harm. The Alcohol abuse is a major risk factor in the occurrence of different types of cardio-vascular diseases, stroke, liver cirrhosis and cancers (WHO, 2014). Thus it is responsible for lots of morbidity and mortality among all populations including Torres State Islander Aboriginal communities (Brett et al, 2017). The Alcohol abuse has also been found to be associated with domestic violence and family breakdown among Torres State Islander Aboriginal communities ( Ramamoorthi et al, 2014 ). The Alcohol abuse among these communities also creates a contributing environment to instigat e them for antisocial behaviour and other criminal activities (Rothman, 2014). Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is also very harmful for the developing foetus and the babies could be born with diseases such as fetal alcohol syndrome (Grant et al, 2014). Torres Strain Islanders are the group of indigenous people who mainly belong to the culture of the Melanesians and are much similar to the inhabitants of the Papua New Guinea islands. Often researchers consider them to be different from the other aboriginal group of people living in Australia. Although they are found to engage themselves inter marriages and different types of histological trades thy conduct with the mainland aboriginal people, they are generally refereed to as different. Nearby the cost of the mainland, two different types of Torres Islander people are observed. They are Bernaga and also Seisia. The 2011 Australian census figures state that the total population level residing in theTorres strait Island are found to be 4248 out of which 3856 are actually Torres strait islanders. Alcohol Abuse Statistics had stated many valuable information from the reaserches conducted under the 2008 NATSISS, where information was collected on different modes of alcohol consumption. The survey estimated that about 73 percent of indigenous people consumed alcohol in the past one year and over half of them consumed alcohol in past 2 weeks. Therefore just one quarter of them were not taking alcohol from past one year (ABS 2010). On close analysis of the data provided by NATSIHS, that a really high number of non indigenous people had consumed alcohol than the number of indigenous people in the last year. The standardized data based on age revealed that Indigenous populations had 0.7 times fewer odds of consuming alcohol over the past one week before the survey in comparison to non-Indigenous popu lations (ABS 2010). The survey also showed variations by gender and region. The prevalence of alcohol consumption is found to be lower in indigenous females as compared to indigenous males. During the survey, it was found that about 30 % of indigenous people had successfully abstained form alcohol in comparison to that of 17% of males in the indigenous groups who were also abstaining from alcohol consumption in the last year before the survey was conducted. Moreover the data also provided an interesting outlook where it was shown that alcohol consumption by indigenous people in the remote areas were far less when comparison was done with same kind of people in the non remote areas. About 38% of adults in the remote areas tried to avoid alcohol consumption in comparison to that of 19% of adults belonging to indigenous communities residing in the non remote regions in the past year of the survey. Also the NATSISS data found that 17 percent of 15 + years aged Indigenous people were consuming alcohols at a risky level that may put them to a long-term risk of diseases (ABS 2010). The gender-wise consumption of high-risk levels alcohol was 20 percent in men as compared to 14 percent in women. Moreover indigenous persons in young age-groups were more seen to indulge to high risk levels of alcohol; that too in the age-groups of 35-44 years. This is followed by age-cohort of 25-34 years (ibid). Also about 63 percent of indigenous people, who were taking in alcohol at the risky rate, were also found to undertake smoking pleasures. Moreover, it was also found that 37% of the cohort who were taking alcohol at a high risk was also found to be associated with illicit drug taking habits. Moreover in comparisons, to that of the non indigenous males, the likelihood of males of the indigenous backgrounds was found to be 1.7 times higher. In case of the females, it was found that indigenous f emales were taking alcohol at a greater rate than the non indigenous people ranging to about 1.4 times higher. The NATSISS data also reported on short-term risky drinking habits or binge drinking among men and women. The data found that about 37 percent of indigenous people consumed higher levels of isk of alcohol during 2 weeks before to the survey. Also about 46 percent of males were involved in binge drinking as compared to 28 percent of females. Moreover binge drinking was found to be highly associated with the habits of high level daily smoking i.e. 59 percent as compared to 33 percent for low risk drinkers (ibid). The substance abuse in high-risk percent as compared to 33 percent for low risk drinkers (ibid). The substance abuse in high-risk binge drinkers was 32 percent as compared to 18 percent in low-risk drinkers. Also the NATSIHS survey 2004- 05 reported that prevalence of high risk binge drinking was more in the category of the indigenous Australians in comparison to that of the non- indigenous categories of people. Another interesting fact that was also found is that the adults o f the indigenous people are about more than 1.2 times more seen to drink at short intervals as well as higher risk level when comparison was done with the non- indigenous adults. There were also gender-wise differences. Indigenous males were two times more likely to involve in high-risk binge drinking as compared to non-indigenous males. Moreover indigenous females were three times more likely to involve in high-risk binge drinking as compared to non-indigenous females (ibid). Moreover when researchers pondered upon the age wise data, they saw that the indigenous people overall had a greater tendency towards the habit of binge eating in comparison to that of the individuals of the non indigenous category. There were also variations by region. The 2004-05 NATSIHS survey found the indigenous adults who are residing in the remote areas of Australian (about 23%) are more prone towards the indulgence in the high risk behaviour of the binge drinking when comparison was done with same category of people living in the non remote areas where the percentage was found to be 18%. The survey has also found that indulgence in alcohol abuse among indigenous populations has increased from 47 percent in 2002 to 51 percent in the year of 2008. A large number of different types of health effects often remain associated with alcohol abuse. Alcohol has long-lasting effects on brain as it hampers the functioning of neurotransmitters in the brain. The long term use of alcohol may change the structure of brain resulting in changes in our thinking and behaviour. The alcohol also affects our learning and memory skills; and also our emotions and personality ( Hermens et al, 2013) . The researchers have found definite changes in structures of brain due to alcohol abuse including shrinking of brain tissues (ibid) . The effects of alcohol on cardiovascular system are also profound. It weakens the muscles of heart causing alcoholic cardiomyopathy (Whitman et al, 2015). The long-term use of alcohol or binge drinking at risky levels may result in cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, strokes, and hypertension (ibid). The alcohol abuse may result in alcoholic hepatitis characterized by nausea, abdominal pain, appetite loss, fever and mental confusion. Prolonged use may also result in jaundice, cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver failure ( Gustot et al, 2017) . The alcohol abuse may also lead to pancreatitis and thus causing impaired digestion as well as impaired blood sugar levels (Herreros-Villanueva, 2013). Moreover National Cancer Institute (NCI) has identified alcohol as a risk factor for various types of cancers including oral cancer, oesophageal cancer, pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, liver cancer and also breast cancer (Printz, 2016). Alcohol addiction thereby has resulted in the development of a allege number of physical as well as mental ailments which not only prevent them from enjoying a good life but also makes them exposes to larger financial flow which becomes very difficult for them due to their lesser chances to earn very high amount due to discriminations. Therefore, it is very important to prevent them from practicing such bad habits so that they can lead better quality lives. The different social determinants of health that remain associated with the development of alcohol addiction and alcohol abuse are needed to be discussed in the context. Often researchers have defined the different social determinants of health as the environmental and social factors that affect the well-being and healthiness of the community, individual and family (McMurray, Clendon, Ebook Library, 2015). The material and social world around us plays a very important role in susceptibility or resistance to disease agents or risk factors. There are situations that place individuals at a much higher risk. The different factors that often make an individual addicted to alcohol is not always individual choice. Different factors that often lead to such effects are different types of adverse environmental surroundings, development o culture form the early childhood, financial turmoil, emotional turmoils, hereditary signs and symptoms of alcohol use and many others. Large numbers of socia l factors are also stated by researchers to be contributing to alcohol abuse and addiction in the category of people. These include economic and social marginalisation; material disadvantages, social and economic discrimination at policy level , cultural dispossession and difficulties in cultural assimilation, family conflict or social conflict, violence at the level of family or community, and family history of alcohol misuse ( Zubrick et al, 2010 ). Social exclusion which usually reslt from various factors like those from racism stigmatization , sexual identity, and also about physical appearance, poverty and even hostility also seen to play crucial role in the degradation of health as well as in alcohol abuse behavior of communities ( Gazis, Connor Ho, 2010). On the other hand social support promotes a feeling of belonging and increases selfesteem and thus reduces the likelihood of indulgence in risky behaviours. A reduction in alcohol remains associated with the improvement of the overall health and the wellbeing of people. They also increase levels of household income, educational achievement and decrease the percenatge of crime, imprisonment and sililar such adverse events (SCRGSP 2007b). Summary The alcohol abuse problem is widely prevalent among indigenous people of Torres State Islands. Although the prevalence is more in males as compared to females, but both the genders have increased likelihood of taking high risky levels of alcohol as compared to non-indigenous people. Excessive drinking of alcohol leads to various health issues which include cardiomyopathy, liver cancer, hepatitis, pancreatitis, liver failure and various cancers. The alcohol related domestic violence and indulgence in criminal activities is also widely prevalent. The various social determinants of alcohol abuse among these communities include social exclusion, poverty, racism, and stigmatization. These people have no opportunities for social mobilization, which should be provided. There is a need to mobilize these communities by providing them educational and occupational opportunities. Communities could be empowered by forming self-help groups among them and providing social support from outside. Thus addressing the structural determinants of alcohol abuse may best help addressing the problem effectively. There is an urgent need to provide education to women and children who could individually help the man to be also educated and encourage them to participate in health promotion programs. There is a need to form different unions like women self-help groups and also for self-help groups for men, schools for children, adult education and social support. The communities of Torres State Island as such need to be included in the mainstream social and economic life of Australia. References: ABS 2006. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey 200405. ABS cat. no. 4715.0. Canberra: ABS. ABS 2010. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey: users guide, 2008. ABS cat. no. 4720.0. Canberra: ABS. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (31 October 2012) "Torres Strait Islands" . 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 19 June 2014. Brett, J., Dawson, A., Ivers, R., Lawrence, L., Barclay, S., Conigrave, K. (2017). Healing at home: Developing a model for ambulatory alcohol " detox" in an Aboriginal community controlled health service. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 12(1), 24-38. Gazis, N., Connor, J. P., Ho, R. (2010). Cultural identity and peer influence as predictors of substance use among culturally diverse Australian adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(3), 345-368. Grant, T., Graham, J. C., Ernst, C. C., Peavy, K. M., Brown, N. N. (2014). Improving pregnancy outcomes among high-risk mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs among high-risk mothers who abuse alcohol and drugs: Factors associated with subsequent exposed births. Children and Youth Services Review, 46, 11-18. 46, 11-18. Gustot, T., Fernandez, J., Szabo, G., Albillos, A., Louvet, A., Jalan, R., ... Moreno, C. (2017). Sepsis in Alcohol-related Liver Disease. Journal of Hepatology. Hermens, D. F., Lagopoulos, J., Tobias-Webb, J., De Regt, T., Dore, G., Juckes, L., ... Hickie, I. B. (2013). Pathways to alcohol-induced brain impairment in young people: a review. Cortex, 49(1), 3-17. Herreros-Villanueva, M., Hijona, E., Baales, J. M., Cosme, A., Bujanda, L. (2013). Alcohol consumption on pancreatic diseases. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG, 19(5), 638. McMurray, A., Clendon, J. (2015). Community Health and Wellness-E-book: Primary Health Care in Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Poli, A., Marangoni, F., Avogaro, A., Barba, G., Bellentani, S., Bucci, M., ... de Gaetano, G. (2013). Moderate alcohol use and health: a consensus document. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(6), 4 87-504. Printz, C. (2016). NCI seeks ideas for National Cancer Moonshot. Cancer, 122(16), 2453-2453. Ramamoorthi, R., Jayaraj, R., Notaras, L., Thomas, M. ( 2014). Alcohol-related violence among the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders of the Northern Territory: prioritizing an agenda for prevention-narrative review article. Iranian journal of public health, 43(5), 5 39. Rothman, S. (2014). The impact of Bugmy and Munda on sentencing Aboriginal and other offenders. Judicial Officers Bulletin, 26(3), 17. SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Services Provision) 2007a. Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2007. Canberra: Productivity Commission. Whitman, I. R., Pletcher, M. J., Vittinghoff, E., Imburgia, K. E., Maguire, C., Betterncourt, L., ... Marcus, G. M. (2015). Abstract P088: Perceptions of Alcohol as Heart Healthy: The Health eHeart Study. World Health Organization, World Health Organization. Ma nagement of Substance Abuse Unit. (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health, 2014. World Health Organization. Zubrick, S. R., Dudgeon, P., Gee, G., Glaskin, B., Kelly, K., Paradies, Y., ... Walker, R. (2010). Social determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, 75-90